Cor et Vasa - Latest articles

Kapesní verze Doporučení ESC /EACTS pro léčbu chlopenních vad 2025. Praz F, Borger MA, Lanz J, Marin-Cuartas M, Abreu A, Adamo M, Marsan NA, Barili F, Bonaros N, Cosyns B, De Paulis R, Gamra H, Jahangiri M, Jeppsson A, Klautz RJM, Mores B, Pérez-David E, Pöss J, Prendergast BD, Rocca B, Rossello X, Suzuki M, Thiele H, Tribouilloy CM, Wojakowski W. Překlad vypracovaný Pracovní skupinou chlopenní a vrozené srdeční vady v dospělosti České kardiologické společnostiGuidelines

Hana Línkováa, Martin Matesb, Petr Toušekc, Zuzana Hlubockád, Tomáš Palečekd, Marian Brannye

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(Suppl.1):39-71 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.038  

2025 cílená aktualizace doporučení ESC/EAS z roku 2019 pro léčbu dyslipidemiíGuidelines

Mach F, Koskinas KC, Roeters van Lennep JE, Tokgözoğlu L, Badimon L, Baigent C, Benn M, Binder CJ, Catapano AL, De Backer GG, Delgado V, Fabin N, Ference BA, Graham IM, Landmesser U, Laufs U, Mihaylova B, Nordestgaard BG, Richter DJ, Sabatine MS, Michal Vrablík, Martin Šatný, Miloš Táborský

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(Suppl.1):30-38 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.032  

Kapesní verze konsenzuálního dokumentu ESC pro klinickou praxi. Konsenzuální dokument ESC ke vztahu duševního zdraví a kardiovaskulárních onemocnění v klinické praxi 2025Guidelines

Bueno H, Deaton C, Farrero M, Forsyth F, Braunschweig F, Buccheri S, Dragan S, Gevaert S, Held C, Kurpas D, Ladwig KH, Lionis CD, Maas AHEM, Merșa CO, Mindham R, Pedersen SS, Kuzman MR, Szmit S, Taylor RS, Uchmanowicz I, Vilchinsky N, Bueno H, Deaton C, Farrero M, Forsyth F, Braunschweig F, Buccheri S, Dragan S, Gevaert S, Held C, Kurpas D, Ladwig KH, Lionis CD, Maas AHEM, Merșa CO, Mindham R, Pedersen SS, Kuzman MR, Szmit S, Taylor RS, Uchmanowicz I, Vilchinsky N, Miloš Táborský, Aleš Linhart, Michal Vrablík

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(Suppl.1):4-29 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.030  

Jan Pavlíček a kolektiv autorů Vrozené srdeční vady v klinické praxi Etiopatogeneze, rizikové faktory, diagnostika a sledováníBook reviews

prof. MUDr. Michael Aschermann, DrSc. FACC, FESC

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(5):612 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.091  

Zemřel doc. MUDr. Peter Kubuš, Ph.D., dlouholetý primář kardiologického oddělení Dětského kardiocentraPersonalities

doc. MUDr. Ondřej Materna, Ph.D.

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(5):611 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.090  

(Prosthetic valve endocarditis with aortic root abscess as a cause of acute coronary syndrome)Case reports

Erika Černá, Juraj Hrečko, Pavel Žáček

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(5):605-609 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.085  

Paravalvular abscess of a mechanical valve prosthesis is a rare but serious complication of infective endocar ditis. It can lead to prosthetic dehiscence, embolization, conduction system disturbances, fistula formation, or mechanical compression of the coronary arteries. This case report describes a 68-year-old man with in fective endocarditis of a mechanical aortic valve prosthesis, complicated by a paravalvular abscess, compression of the left main coronary artery, and the development of acute coronary syndrome. protézy, poruše převodního systému, vzniku píštěle, em bolizaci vegetací nebo mechanické kompresi koronárních tepen. Absces je zánětlivá...

The Effect of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Concentration on the Integrity of Bovine Jugular Veins for Decellularized Pulmonary Xenografts: A Systematic ReviewReview articles

Atiya Nurrahmah, Heroe Soebroto, Ketut Alit Utamayasa, Arief Rakhman Hakim, Ito Puruhito

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(5):600-604 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.074  

Objective: The aim of this study was to thoroughly examine the data regarding how SDS concentration affects the extracellular matrix preservation, biocompatibility, biomechanical integrity, and decellularization effectiveness of bovine jugular veins used as pulmonary xenograft prototypes. Methods: We looked for studies on SDS decellularization of bovine jugular veins in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar until July 2025. Eligible studies comprised in vitro, in vivo, and translational research evalua ting SDS concentrations (0.5-1%). The outcomes extracted encompassed DNA removal, extracellular matrix preservation, biomechanical testing, cytotoxicity,...

Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Long-Term Survival and Failure to Rescue after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Systematic ReviewReview articles

Merlinda Dwintasari, Danang Himawan Limanto, Chikita Nur Rachmi, Oky Revianto Sediono Pribadi, Yan Efrata Sembiring

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(5):590-599 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.033  

Introduction: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains the gold standard for surgical revasculariza tion in complex coronary artery disease. Although short-term mortality has improved substantially, long -term survival and failure to rescue (FTR) after major complications remain clinically relevant. Traditional regression-based risk models may insufficiently capture complex nonlinear interactions among perioperative variables. This review synthesizes contemporary evidence regarding determinants of survival and the role of machine learning (ML) in outcome prediction after CABG. Methods: A PRISMA-guided systematic search of PubMed and ScienceDirect...

Beyond the Classic Genes: Rare Variants, Phenocopies, and Polygenic Architecture in Familial HypercholesterolemiaReview articles

Kristina Zubieliene, Simona Berontaite, Diana Zaliaduonyte, Ieva Aleknaite, Vytautas Zabiela

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(5):585-588 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.055  

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common inherited lipid disorder characterized by markedly elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and an increased risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Traditionally, FH has been considered a monogenic disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the classical genes LDLR, APOB, or PCSK9, which disrupt the LDL receptor pathway and impair hepatic clearance of LDL particles. However, a substantial proportion of patients fulfilling clinical diagnostic criteria for FH do not carry pathogenic variants in these genes, indicating a more complex genetic architecture. Recent advances...

(Innovations and new approaches in cardiac resynchronization therapy)Review articles

Jan Řeháček, Petr Ošťádal, Jakub Honěk

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(5):574-583 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.067  

The article summarizes the key directions and innovations in cardiac resynchronization therapy with the greatest anticipated impact on clinical practice. The introduction discusses the pathophysiology of cardiac dyssynchrony and reviews diagnostic methods and workflows (including modern techniques such as ultra -high-frequency ECG and new approaches to ultrasound assessment). In subsequent sections, we also describe new techniques for lead implantation including His bundle pacing and left bundle branch area pacing. These approaches aim to reduce the proportion of patients who do not respond to resynchronization therapy.

Differences in Outcomes Between Major Amputation and Wound Debridement on Inflammatory Response and Length of Stay in Type 2 Diabetic Foot Ulcer Patients Treated at Airlangga University Hospital: A Retrospective StudyOriginal research articles

Aloysius Denzel Joshua Reviano, Danang Himawan Limanto, Hermawan Susanto, Satriyo Dwi Suryantoro

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(5):569-573 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2025.119  

Background: According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in 2021, Indonesia had a diabetes mel litus (DM) prevalence of 10.8% out of the total population, approximately 19.4 million individuals. The most common complication, diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), has a 15-34% risk of developing in diabetic patients and a 40-60% recurrence rate. The early stage of DFU requires wound debridement, but as pain and immobility worsen, the need for amputation ultimately rises. The importance of this study is to compare preoperative and postoperative level of leukocyte, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and length of stay (LOS) between wound debridement and...

Chronic Hypertension as a Risk Factor for Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (PPCM): Insights from a Case-Control Study in IndonesiaOriginal research articles

Witri Pratiwi, Yogi Puji Rachmawan, Asri C. Adisasmita, Sudarto Ronoatmodjo, Amiliana Mardiani Soesanto

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(5):562-568 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.006  

Background: Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare but serious cause of maternal heart failure. Hypertension is a major contributing factor of PPCM, but evidence from Indonesia remains limited. Objective: This study examined the association between chronic hypertension and PPCM in two referral hospitals in Cirebon, West Java, from 2019 to 2024. Method: A case-control design included 84 women diagnosed with PPCM according to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) criteria and 336 controls without PPCM. Frequency matching based on hospital was conducted. Multivariable unconditional logistic regression was performed to assess the independent risk...

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on In-hospital and Long-term Outcomes of ST Elevation Myocardial InfarctionOriginal research articles

Azza Abdel Moniem Farrag, Ahmed Adel Mohamed Elamragy, Sameh Mohamed Helmy Elkaffas, Dalia Rifaat Elremisy, Wafaa Hamed Omar Khalifa

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(5):555-561 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.072  

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted cardiovascular outcomes worldwide. This study evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on in-hospital and long-term (1-year) outcomes in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Methods: This retrospective observational study included 317 STEMI patients treated with PPCI between March 1, 2019, and February 28, 2022. Patients were categorized into group A (pre-pandemic, n = 107), group B1 (during pandemic, non-COVID-19, n = 169), and group B2 (during pandemic, confirmed COVID-19, n = 41). Clinical characteristics,...

Impact of Preoperative Versus Intraoperative and Postoperative Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Insertion on Mortality and Clinical Outcomes in High-Risk Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisOriginal research articles

Muhammad Caesar Borni Agustio Putra Hutabarat, Danang Himawan Limanto, Mohamad Rizki, Yan Efrata Sembiring

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(5):546-554 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.065  

Introduction: The optimal timing of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) insertion in high-risk coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains controversial. While preoperative IABP may provide early hemodynamic stabilization, intraoperative or postoperative insertion is typically performed as rescue therapy after hemodynamic deterioration. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of preoperative versus intraoperative/ postoperative IABP insertion on mortality and clinical outcomes in high-risk CABG patients. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed and ScienceDirect were searched for studies...

Coronary Artery Disease with Isolated Side Branch Lesions: Follow-Up Outcomes with Medical TreatmentOriginal research articles

Mehmet Ali Maz, Fatih Gülçebi, İhsan Dursun

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(5):538-545 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.025  

This study aimed to eliminate the clinical dilemma between medical and interventional treatments for patients with CAD presenting with isolated side branch lesions. All coronary angiography procedures performed at our clinic between January 2020 and July 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were categorized into two groups based on whether their coronary side branch lesions progressed under medical treatment. Of the 400 patients included in the study, 332 exhibited no progression in their coronary lesions under medical treatment. Comparative analyses of angiographic data revealed that side branch vessel diameter during the first angiography...

Impact of Stent Overlapping on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Long Coronary Lesions Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary InterventionOriginal research articles

Esma Selva Ateş Ceyhun

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(5):533-537 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.031  

Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention is widely used in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Long coronary lesions frequently require implantation of more than one stent, which may lead to overlapping stent segments. Increased metal burden and altered vascular healing in the overlapping region may contribute to adverse clinical outcomes. Methods: This study evaluated patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for long coronary lesions. Patients were divided into two groups according to the stenting strategy: overlapping stent implantation and single long stent implantation. Clinical outcomes including major adverse cardiovascular...

Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index Levels in Patients with Coronary Slow Flow: A Case-Control StudyOriginal research articles

Okan Tanriverdi, Husna Sengul Askin, Lutfu Askin, Mustafa Polat, Esra Polat

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(5):528-532 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.017  

Background: Coronary slow flow (CSF) is an angiographic occurrence marked by the protracted distal opacification of coronary arteries without the presence of substantial stenosis. While its precise pathogenesis is not fully elucidated, mounting evidence substantiates the involvement of systemic inflammation and microvascular dysfunction. The Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII), based on peripheral blood counts, has lately been recognised as a reliable indicator of systemic inflammation. The objective of this study was to assess the correlation between SII levels and coronary sluggish flow in patients experiencing chest discomfort. Methods: A total...

Minimally invasive thoracoscopic vs. sternotomy approach in mitral valve surgeryOriginal research articles

Jana Čobejová, Tomáš Toporcer, Peter Šafár, Štefánia Mižáková, Lukáš Vajda, Štefan Lukačín, Adrián Kolesár

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(5):522-527 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.027  

Introduction: In recent decades, minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MIMVS) has become an increasingly popular surgical approach alongside the standard approach to the mitral valve using complete median sternotomy. The aim of this study was to retrospectively compare the results of mitral valve surgery using video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS) and standard sternotomy (ST). Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on patients (n = 123) who underwent mitral valve surgery. They were divided into ST (n = 69) and VATS (n = 54) groups. Various preoperative, surgical, and postoperative parameters were examined, including survival and major adverse cardiac...

MEMORANDUM O VZÁJEMNÉ SPOLUPRÁCI mezi Českou společností soudního lékařství a soudní toxikologie ČLS JEP, Společností lékařské genetiky a genomiky České lékařské společnosti Jana Evangelisty Purkyně a Českou kardiologickou společností, z.s. aCurrent news

Prof. MUDr. Petr Hejna, Ph.D., MBA, Prof. MUDr. Milan Macek jr., DrSc, MHA, Prof. MUDr. Petr Ošťádal, Ph.D., FESC, Prof. MUDr. Miloš Táborský, CSc., FESC, FACC, MBA

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(4):513-515  

Diseminovaný epiteloidní hemangioendoteliom jako vzácná příčina nádorového postižení srdce.Case reports

Radka Světlíková, Jan Opatrný, Jan Baxa, Richard Rokyta

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(4):509-512 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.076  

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is a rare mesenchymal tumor of vascular origin with a heterogeneous clinical course. It most commonly affects the liver, lungs, bones, and soft tissues, whereas cardiac involvement is an exceptionally rare manifestation of the disease and may mimic benign primary cardiac tumors. We present the case of a 29-year-old man with no significant personal or family medical history who was admitted for progressively worsening dyspnea. Initial examination revealed bilateral pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, and an intracavitary mass in the left atrium measuring up to 40 mm, which was considered suspicious for a myxoma...

Growth Differentiation Factor-15 and Cardiovascular Diseases: Biology, Clinical Implications, and Future Outlook.Review articles

Lutfu Askin, Okan Tanriverdi, Husna Sengul Askin

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(4):503-508 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.012  

Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) is a cytokine responsive to stress, linked to inflammation, oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction, and tissue damage. In the past twenty years, it has become a significant biomarker in several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as heart failure (HF), coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndromes, pulmonary vascular disease, arrhythmias, and cardiometabolic disorders. Increased circulating GDF-15 levels forecast mortality, hospitalisation due to HF, repeated ischaemic incidents, and the likelihood of haemorrhage. This review consolidates GDF-15 biology, pathophysiology, diagnostic and prognostic applications,...

Saphenous Vein Graft in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) Surgery: Combating Thrombosis, Intimal Hyperplasia and Atherosclerosis in Maintaining Long-Term Graft Patency.Review articles

Gold Sunday Palm Tampubolon, Yan Efrata Sembiring, Oky Revianto Sediono Pribadi, Chikita Nur Rachmi, Danang Himawan Limanto, Jeffrey Jeswant Dillon, Ito Puruhito

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(4):494-502 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.002  

Aim: Gaining further insight to enhance treatment to stop the progression of saphenous vein grafts (SVG) disease, given the interest in using saphenous veins as grafts in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Methods: This comprehensive review synthesizes the current standards, contemporary treatment, and results related to coronary arterial bypass grafting using SVG, exploring a variety of methods and developments that have the potential to improve both immediate and long-term graft patency. Understanding pathophysiology of SVG disease and where it leads to suggest potential new treatments for the condition. Results: Failure of SVG can be the results...

Testosterone Replacement Therapy and Cardiovascular Safety: A Paradigm Shift in Cardiological Practice Jaromír OžanaaReview articles

Jaromír Ožana, Katarína Moravcová, Radek Adámek, Eliška Sovová

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(4):486-493 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.014  

Background: Hypogonadism is a common but frequently underdiagnosed condition in men with type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Low testosterone levels are associated with an adverse cardiometabolic profile and increased mortality. However, testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has long been considered potentially harmful with respect to cardiovascular risk, largely based on observational studies with significant methodological limitations. Aim: To summarize current evidence on the relationship between testosterone, hypogonadism, and cardiovascular risk, to describe the pathophysiological mechanisms linking testosterone deficiency to...

Sekundárna prevencia ischemickej cievnej mozgovej príhody pri foramen ovale patens.Review articles

Juraj Dúbrava

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(4):481-485 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.024  

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is probably responsible for 5% of all ischemic strokes and 10% of strokes in young and middle-aged people aged 18-60 years. The assessment of the association between PFO and cryptogenic stroke is always only probabilistic. Currently, the best tool for assessing this probability is the PASCAL system (PFO-Associated Stroke Causal Likelihood). It is a simple and effective tool for selecting patients who have the highest benefit from transcatheter closure of PFO and the lowest risk of complications. The PASCAL classification is determined using the RoPE score (Risk of Paradoxical Embolism) and echocardiographic risk characteristics...

Ceramidy jako nové biomarkery kardiovaskulárních onemocnění.Review articles

Janula Stromská, Roman Panovský

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(4):478-480 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.003  

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors explain only 75% of the risk for cardiovascular disease and exposure to one or more vascular risk factors is common even in individuals who will not develop any clinical manifestations. Ceramides are a heterogeneous group of bioactive membrane sphingolipids that play specialized regulatory roles in cellular metabolism. Ceramides have been identified as novel biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases. © 2026, ČKS.

Katetrizační léčba srdečního selhání.Review articles

Jan Naar

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(4):470-477 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.064  

A number of non-pharmacological approaches that affect various pathophysiological mechanisms of heart failure are being clinically tested. These methods are at different stages of development. This article focuses on catheter-based techniques for the treatment of heart failure, especially catheter-based left ventricular remodeling and interatrial communication. Regarding catheter-based left ventricular remodeling, some systems have shown promising results in carefully selected patients when performed by an experienced team. Interatrial communication also appears to be effective in certain subgroups of patients with heart failure, both with preserved...

Effect of Radial Artery Grafting on Clinical Outcomes After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: a Prospective Study on a Sample from Yemen.Original research articles

Abeer Shaiaa Naji Saadan, Nabeel Y. Al-Madwahi

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(4):461-469 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.007  

Background: Conduit selection is a critical determinant of clinical outcomes following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The radial artery has emerged as a preferred arterial conduit because of superior biological properties and patency compared with saphenous vein grafts. However, prospective data evaluating shortterm clinical outcomes and functional recovery associated with radial artery use remain limited in routine clinical practice. Methods: This prospective descriptive study included adult patients undergoing elective CABG at a tertiary cardiac surgery center. Demographic, clinical, operative, and postoperative data were collected. Cardiac...

Device Size/Septal Length as Predictors of Atrial Fibrillation After Percutaneous ASD Closure: 15-Year Follow-Up.Original research articles

Ahmet Özderya, Fatih Gülçebi, Murat Gökhan Yerlikaya, Ali Riza Akyüz

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(4):455-460 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.029  

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is known to develop during the follow-up of patients who have undergone percutaneous atrial septal defect (ASD) closure. The primary aim of our study was to investigate the development and predictors of AF in the long-term follow-up of patients after ASD closure. Methods: Fifty-six patients who underwent percutaneous ASD closure at our center between 2008 and 2010 were included in the study. The study population was divided into two groups: patients with and those without an AF diagnosis. Result: There were 13 patients with AF (two males, 11 females; age = 41.02 ± 7.02 years; left ventricle ejection fraction...

Circulating microRNA-29 Reflects Remodeling-Related Ventricular Changes in Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy.Original research articles

Mark Onsy Dimitry, Osama Louis, Solaf Ahmed Kamel, Eman Mahmoud Hassan, Rasha Nazih, Sally M. Hafez, Amira Fawzy Soliman, Eman Awadallah

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(4):448-454 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2026.018  

Background: Fibrotic remodeling is a hallmark of ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM). Among microRNAs (miR) implicated in extracellular matrix regulation, miR-29 has been experimentally linked to collagen expression and transforming growth factor-β / mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 related signaling. However, its circulating profile in human IDCM and its relationship with ventricular structure and function remain insufficiently characterized. The purpose of this study is to quantify plasma miR-29 in patients with IDCM and examine whether circulating miR-29 aligns with established echocardiographic indices of adverse ventricular remodeling....

The Value of Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 alpha as a Biomarker for Stable Coronary Artery Disease Diagnosis and Risk Stratification.Original research articles

Ahmed G. Bakry, Hossam Eldin M. Mahmoud, M. Abdelsayed, Mustafa M. Ali, Enas Fathy, Omyma Ashraf, Mohammed H. Hassan

Cor Vasa 2026, 68(4):440-447 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2025.120  

Background: Stable coronary artery disease (CAD) is a worldwide health concern, and trustworthy biomarkers for CAD diagnosis and risk assessment are still being investigated. The primary regulator of the cellular response to hypoxia, hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), has been thoroughly investigated in the context of acute cardiovascular events; however, its function as a biomarker in stable CAD is less well-established and requires validation. Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic significance of HIF-1α in stable CAD and its correlation with disease severity. © 2026, ČKS.