Cor Vasa 2018, 60(1):e42-e48 | DOI: 10.1016/j.crvasa.2017.09.006

The cardiovascular risk of patients with carotid artery stenosis

Jakub Sulženkoa,*, Piotr Pieniazekb
a Kardiocentrum, 3. lékařská fakulta Univerzity Karlovy a Fakultní nemocnice Královské Vinohrady, Praha, Česká republika
b Klinika intervenční kardiologie, Lékařská fakulta Jagellonské univerzity, Krakov, Polsko

Souvislost mezi postižením koronárních a karotických tepen je všeobecně uznávána. Studie sledující přítomnost ischemické choroby srdeční u pacientů s postižením karotických tepen popisují prevalenci až 77 % v závislosti na studované populaci. Zvýšené kardiovaskulární (KV) riziko je popisováno jak u pacientů s asymptomatickou, tak i symptomatickou stenózou karotidy. Pacienti s asymptomatickou stenózou karotické tepny mají zhruba třikrát vyšší riziko úmrtí z kardiovaskulárních příčin nebo infarktu myokardu v porovnání s referenční populací bez postižení karotických tepen, a toto riziko může být u pacientů se symptomatickou stenózou karotické tepny dokonce ještě vyšší. U těchto pacientů je proto indikována protidestičková a hypolipidemická terapie nejen z důvodu prevence cévní mozkové příhody, ale zejména ke snížení celkového kardiovaskulárního rizika.
Revaskularizační výkony na karotických tepnách jsou zavedenou metodou léčby pacientů se symptomatickou stenózou karotické tepny, u kterých vedou k významnému absolutnímu snížení rizika recidivy cévní mozkové příhody. U pacientů s významnou, ale asymptomatickou stenózou karotické tepny zůstává indikace k revaskularizaci sporná. V tomto případě se zdá revaskularizace nejvíc přínosná u těch pacientů, kteří mají přítomny specifické klinické nebo zobrazovací charakteristiky, jež značí zvýšené riziko rozvoje cévní mozkové příhody.
Screening a léčba asymptomatické ischemické choroby srdeční může být prospěšná pro pacienty s nedávno symptomatickou stenózou karotické tepny, zejména v případě, že je v plánu provedení revaskularizačního výkonu na karotických tepnách. Z důvodu nedostatku důkazů o přínosnosti rutinní profylaktické karotické revaskularizace u pacientů s karotickou stenózou podstupujících aortokoronární bypass - CABG (ve smyslu snížení výskytu perioperační cévní mozkové příhody), se jeví jako přínosné omezení profylaktické karotické revaskularizace před CABG pouze na pacienty v nejvyšším riziku perioperační cévní mozkové příhody, tedy ty s významnými bilaterálními stenózami obou karotických tepen nebo s anamnézou předchozí CMP/TIA.


AbstraktIt is commonly accepted that a relationship exists between coronary and carotid arterial disease, given that the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with carotid stenosis is as high as 77%, depending on the population studied. Elevated cardiovascular (CV) risks are apparent in patients with either asymptomatic or symptomatic carotid stenosis. Patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis are at about a three-fold higher risk of CV death/myocardial infarction compared with a matched population without carotid stenosis, and this risk may be even higher among patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis. Thus, antiplatelet and lipid-lowering therapies are indicated not only to prevent stroke, but also especially to lower elevated CV risks. Carotid revascularization has become well established in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis, which is associated with significant absolute risk reductions in terms of recurrent stroke, but remains controversial for patients with significant but asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Carotid revascularization in those with asymptomatic carotid stenosis seems to principally benefit patients with specific clinical/imaging features indicating a high risk of stroke. Screening and treatment of asymptomatic CAD can be beneficial for patients with recently symptomatic carotid stenosis and especially for those for whom surgical or endovascular carotid revascularization is planned. Because evidence of the benefits afforded by prophylactic revascularization of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis in all CABG candidates (in terms of reducing perioperative stroke) is lacking, it may be reasonable to restrict prophylactic carotid revascularization to patients at the highest risk of postoperative stroke, thus those with severe bilateral lesions or a history of prior stroke/transient ischemic event.

Keywords: Cardiovascular risk; Carotid stenosis; Coronary artery disease

Received: August 31, 2017; Revised: September 21, 2017; Accepted: September 27, 2017; Published: February 1, 2018  Show citation

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Sulženko J, Pieniazek P. The cardiovascular risk of patients with carotid artery stenosis. Cor Vasa. 2018;60(1):e42-48. doi: 10.1016/j.crvasa.2017.09.006.
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