Cor Vasa 2009, 51(11-12):789-804 | DOI: 10.33678/cor.2009.193

Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic function: what we able to do in 2009

Tomáš Paleček*, Aleš Linhart
2. interní klinika kardiologie a angiologie, Všeobecná fakultní nemocnice a 1. lékařská fakulta Univerzity Karlovy, Praha, Česká republika

Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function is constantly evolving as a result of our improving understanding of physiology and pathophysiology of LV diastole and introduction of new ultrasound modalities into routine clinical practice. Because of its comprehensive nature, LV filling analysis represents one of the most challenging tasks to be solved by the echocardiographer. Therefore, the aim of this article is to give a detail review of the current principles of echocardiographic evaluation of LV diastolic function.

Keywords: Echocardiography; Diastolic function; Left ventricle

Published: November 1, 2009  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Paleček T, Linhart A. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic function: what we able to do in 2009. Cor Vasa. 2009;51(11-12):789-804. doi: 10.33678/cor.2009.193.
Download citation

References

  1. Braunwald E. Shattuck lecture - Cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millenium: Triumphs, concerns, and opportunities. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1360-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  2. Bhatia RS, Tu JV, Lee DS, et al. Outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a population-based study. N Engl J Med 2006;355:260-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  3. Owan TE, Hodge DO, Herges RM, et al. Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2006;355: 251-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  4. Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet 2003;362:777-81. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  5. Cleland JG, Tendera M, Adamus J, et al. The perindopril in elderly people with chronic heart failure (PEP-CHF) study. Eur Heart J 2006;27:2338-45. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  6. Massie BM, Carson PE, McMurray JJ, et al. Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2456-67. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  7. Zile MR, Baicu CF, Bonnema DD. Diastolic heart failure: definitions and terminology. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2005;47:307-13. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  8. Lester SJ, Tajik AJ, Nishimura RA, et al. Unlocking the mysteries of diastolic function: deciphering the Rosetta Stone 10 years later. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:679-89. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  9. Zile MR, Gaasch WH, Carroll JD, et al. Heart failure with a normal ejection fraction: is measurement of diastolic function necessary to make the diagnosis of diastolic heart failure? Circulation 2001;104:779-82. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  10. Maurer MS, Spevack D, Burkhoff D, Kronzon I. Diastolic dysfunction: can it be diagnosed by Doppler echocardiography? J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44: 1543-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  11. Paulus WJ, Tschöpe C, Sanderson JE, et al. How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by the Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2007;28: 2539-50. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  12. Rihal CS, Nishimura RA, Hatle LK, et al. Systolic and diastolic dysfunction in patients with clinical diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy. Relation to symptoms and prognosis. Circulation 1994;90:2772-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  13. Veselka J. Současný pohled na možnosti hodnocení diastolické funkce levé komory pomocí echokardiografie. Cor Vasa 1998;40:189-94.
  14. Zile MR, Brutsaert DL. New concepts in diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure: Part I: diagnosis, prognosis, and measurements of diastolic function. Circulation 2002;105:1387-93. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  15. Leite-Moreira AF. Current perspectives in diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure. Heart 2006;92:712-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  16. Little WC, Downes TR. Clinical evaluation of left ventricular diastolic performance. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1990;32:273-90. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  17. Brutsaert DL, Sys SU. Relaxation and diastole of the heart. Physiol Rev 1989;69:1228-315. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  18. Zile MR, Brutsaert DL. New concepts in diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure: Part II: causal mechanisms and treatment. Circulation 2002;105:1503-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  19. Leite-Moreira AF, Correia-Pinto J, Gillebert TC. Afterload induced changes in myocardial relaxation: a mechanism for diastolic dysfunction. Cardiovasc Res 1999;43:344-53. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  20. Gillebert TC, Lew WY. Nonuniformity and volume loading independently influence isovolumic relaxation rates. Am J Physiol 1989;257(6 Pt 2):H1927-H1935. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  21. Nagueh SF, Shah G, Wu Y, et al. Altered titin expression, myocardial stiffness, and left ventricular function in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2004;110:155-62. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  22. Borbély A, van der Velden J, Papp Z, et al. Cardiomyocyte stiffness in diastolic heart failure. Circulation 2005;111:774-81. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  23. van Heerebeek L, Borbély A, Niessen HW, et al. Myocardial structure and function differ in systolic and diastolic heart failure. Circulation 2006; 113:1966-73. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  24. Leite-Moreira AF, Gillebert TC. The physiology of left ventricular pressure fall. Rev Port Cardiol 2000;19:1015-21. Go to PubMed...
  25. Mirsky I. Assessment of diastolic function: suggested methods and future considerations. Circulation 1984;69:836-41. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  26. Kass DA, Bronzwaer JG, Paulus WJ. What mechanisms underlie diastolic dysfunction in heart failure? Circ Res 2004;94:1533-42. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  27. Nagueh SF, Appleton CP, Gillebert TC, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009;22:107-33. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  28. Oh JK, Appleton CP, Hatle LK, et al. The noninvasive assessment of left ventricular diastolic function with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1997;10:246-70. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  29. Hay I, Rich J, Ferber P, et al. Role of impaired myocardial relaxation in the production of elevated left ventricular filling pressure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005;288:H1203-H1208. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  30. Nishimura RA, Housmans PR, Hatle LK, Tajik AJ. Assessment of diastolic function of the heart: background and current applications of Doppler echocardiography. Part I. Physiologic and pathophysiologic features. Mayo Clin Proc 1989;64:71-81. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  31. Kitabatake A, Inoue M, Asao M, et al. Transmitral blood flow reflecting diastolic behavior of the left ventrikle in health and disease - a study by pulsed Doppler technique. Jpn Circ J 1982;46:92-102. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  32. Nishimura RA, Tajik AJ. Evaluation of diastolic filling of left ventricle in health and disease: Doppler echocardiography is the clinician's Rosetta Stone. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:8-18. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  33. Appleton CP, Jensen JL, Hatle LK, Oh JK. Doppler evaluation of left and right ventricular diastolic function: a technical guide for obtaining optimal flow velocity recordings. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1997;10:271-92. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  34. Giannuzzi P, Imparato A, Temporelli PL, et al. Doppler-derived mitral deceleration time of early filling as a strong predictor of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in postinfarction patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:1630-7. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  35. Hurrell DG, Nishimura RA, Ilstrup DM, Appleton CP. Utility of preload alteration in assessment of left ventricular filling pressure by Doppler echocardiography: a simultaneous catheterization and Doppler echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:459-67. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  36. Wijbenga AAM, Mosterd A, Kasprzak JD, et al. Potentials and limitations of the valsalva maneuver as a method of differentiating between normal and pseudonormal left ventricular filling pattern. Am J Cardiol 1998;84: 76-81. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  37. Ha JW, Oh JK, Redfield MM, et al. Triphasic mitral inflow velocity with middiastolic filling: clinical implications and associated echocardiographic findings. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004;17:428-31. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  38. Lam CSP, Han L, Ha JW, et al. The mitral L-wave: a marker of pseudonormal filling and predictor of heart failure in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:336-41. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  39. Nishimura RA, Appleton CP, Redfield MM, et al. Noninvasive Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular filling pressures in patients with cardiomyopathies: a simultaneous Doppler echocardiographic and cardiac catheterization study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1226-33. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  40. Pinamonti B, Zecchin M, Di Lenarda A, et al. Persistence of restrictive left ventricular filling pattern in dilated cardiomyopathy: an ominous prognostic sign. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:604-12. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  41. Keren G, Sherez J, Megidish R, et al. Pulmonary venous flow pattern-its relationship to cardiac dynamics. A pulsed Doppler echocardiographic study. Circulation 1985;71:1105-12. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  42. Klein AL, Abdalla I, Murray RD, et al. Age independence of the difference in duration of pulmonary venous atrial reversal flow and transmitral A-wave flow in normal subjects. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1998;11:458-65. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  43. Klein AL, Tajik AJ. Doppler assessment of pulmonary venous flow in healthy subjects and in patients with heart disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1991;4: 379-92. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  44. Nishimura RA, Appleton CP, Redfield MM, et al. Noninvasive Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular filling pressures in patients with cardiomyopathies: a simultaneous Doppler echocardiographic and cardiac catheterization study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1226-33. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  45. Yamamoto K, Nishimura RA, Chaliki HP, et al. Determination of left ventricular filling pressure by Doppler echocardiography in patients with coronary artery disease: critical role of left ventricular systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1819-26. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  46. Rossvoll O, Hatle LK. Pulmonary venous flow velocities recorded by transthoracic Doppler ultrasound: relation to left ventricular diastolic pressures. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:1687-96. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  47. Yamamoto K, Nishimura RA, Burnett JC Jr, Redfield MM. Assessment of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure by Doppler echocardiography: contribution of duration of pulmonary venous versus mitral flow velocity curves at atrial contraction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1997;10:52-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  48. Nagueh SF, Lakkis NM, Middleton KJ, et al. Doppler estimation of left ventricular filling pressures in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1999;99:254-61. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  49. Rossi A, Cicoira M, Golia G, et al. Mitral regurgitation and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction similarly affect mitral and pulmonary vein flow Doppler parameters: the advantage of end-diastolic markers. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2001;14:562-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  50. Sohn DW, Choi YJ, Oh BH, et al. Estimation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure with the difference in pulmonary venous and mitral A durations is limited when mitral E and A waves are overlapped. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12:106-12. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  51. Appleton CP, Hatle LK, Popp RL. Relation of transmitral flow velocity patterns to left ventricular diastolic function: new insights from a combined hemodynamic and Doppler echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;12:426-40. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  52. Brun P, Tribouilloy C, Duval AM, et al. Left ventricular flow propagation during early filling is related to wall relaxation: a color M-mode Doppler analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:420-32. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  53. Paleček T, Linhart A, Aschermann M. Jednorozměrné barevné mapování transmitrálního průtoku (color M-mode) užitečná metoda pro hodnocení diastolické funkce levé komory. Cor Vasa 2002;44:192-6.
  54. Garcia MJ, Ares MA, Asher C, et al. An index of early left ventricular filling that combined with pulsed Doppler peak E velocity may estimate capillary wedge pressure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:448-54. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  55. Takatsuji H, Mikami T, Urasawa K, et al. A new approach for evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function: spatial and temporal analysis of left ventricular filling flow propagation by color M-mode Doppler echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:365-71. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  56. Garcia MJ, Palac RT, Malenka DJ, et al. Color M-mode Doppler flow propagation velocity is a relatively preload-independent index of left ventricular filling. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12:129-37. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  57. Garcia MJ, Smedira NG, Greenberg NL, et al. Color M-mode Doppler flow propagation velocity is a preload insensitive index of left ventricular relaxation: animal and human validation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:201-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  58. Gonzalez-Vilchez F, Ares M, Ayuela J, Alonso L. Combined use of pulsed na color M-mode Doppler echocardiography for the estimation of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:515-23. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  59. Rivas-Gotz C, Manolios M, Thohan V, Nagueh SF. Impact of left ventricular ejection fraction on estimation of left ventricular filling pressures using tissue Doppler and flow propagation velocity. Am J Cardiol 2003;91:780-4. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  60. Ohte N, Narita H, Akita S, et al. Striking effect of left ventricular systolic performance on propagation velocity of left ventricular early diastolic filling flow. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2001;14:1070-4. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  61. Paleček T, Linhart A, Bultas J, Aschermann M. Comparison of early diastolic mitral annular velocity and flow propagation velocity in detection of mild to moderate left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Eur J Echocardiogr 2004;5:196-204. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  62. Paleček T, Linhart A, Lubanda JC, et al. Early diastolic mitral annular velocity and color M-mode flow propagation velocity in the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function in patients with Fabry disease. Heart Vessels 2006;21:13-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  63. Graham RJ, Gelman JS, Donelan L, et al. Effect of preload reduction by haemodialysis on new indices of diastolic function. Clin Sci 2003;105: 499-506. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  64. Seo Y, Ishimutsu T, Ishizu T, et al. Preload-dependent variation of the propagation velocity in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004;17:432-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  65. Hsiao SH, Juany WC, Sy CL, et al. Doppler tissue imaging and color M-mode flow propagation velocity: are they really peloid independent? J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:1277-84. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  66. Paleček T, Skalická L, Lachmanová J, et al. Effect of preload reduction by hemodialysis on conventional and novel echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular structure and function. Echocardiography 2008;25:162-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  67. Greenberg NL, Vandervoort PM, Firstenberg MS, et al. Estimation of diastolic intraventricular pressure gradients by Doppler M-mode echocardiography. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001;280:H2507-H2515. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  68. Firstenberg MS, Greenberg NL, Garcia MJ, Thomas JD. Relationship between ventricular contractility and early diastolic intraventricular pressure gradients: a diastolic link to systolic function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008;21:501-6. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  69. Isaaz K, Thompson A, Ethevenot G, et al. Doppler echocardiographic measurement of low velocity motion of the left ventricular posterior wall. Am J Cardiol 1989;64:66-75. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  70. McDicken WN, Sutherland GR, Moran CM, Gordon LN. Colour Doppler velocity imaging of the myocardium. Ultrasound Med Biol 1992;18:651-4. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  71. De Boeck BW, Cramer MJ, Oh JK, et al. Spectral pulsed tissue Doppler imaging in diastole: a tool to increase our insight in and assessment of diastolic relaxation of the left ventricle. Am Heart J 2003;146:411-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  72. Alam M, Wardell J, Andersson E, et al. Characteristics of mitral and tricuspid annular velocities determined by pulsed wave Doppler tissue imaging in healthy subjects. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12:618-28. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  73. Sohn DW, Chai IH, Lee DJ, et al. Assessment of mitral annulus velocity by Doppler tissue imaging in the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:474-80. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  74. Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, Appleton CP, et al. Clinical utility of Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in the estimation of left ventricular filling pressures: A comparative simultaneous Doppler-catheterization study. Circulation 2000;102:1788-94. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  75. Nagueh SF, Sun H, Kopelen HA, et al. Hemodynamic determinants of the mitral annulus diastolic velocities by tissue Doppler. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:278-85. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  76. Kasner M, Westermann D, Steendijk P, et al. Utility of Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in the estimation of diastolic function in heart failure with normal ejection fraction: a comparative Doppler-conductance catheterization study. Circulation 2007;116:637-47. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  77. Firstenberg MS, Levine BD, Garcia MJ, et al. Relationship of echocardiographic indices to pulmonary capillary wedge pressures in healthy volunteers. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:1664-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  78. Farias CA, Rodriguez L, Garcia MJ, et al. Assessment of diastolic function by tissue Doppler echocardiography: comparison with standard transmitral and pulmonary venous flow. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12:609-17. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  79. Paleček T, Linhart A. Comparison of early diastolic annular velocities measured at various sites of mitral annulus in detection of mild to moderate left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Heart Vessels 2007;22:67-72. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  80. Wang J, Nagueh SF. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular filling pressures. Heart Fail Clin 2008;4:57-70. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  81. Agmon Y, Oh JK, McCarthy JT, et al. Effect of volume reduction on mitral annular diastolic velocities in hemodialysis patients. Am J Cardiol 2000;85:665-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  82. Nagueh SF, Middleton KJ, Kopelen HA, et al. Doppler tissue imaging: a noninvasive technique for evaluation of left ventricular relaxation and estimation of filling pressures. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1527-33. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  83. Nagueh SF, Mikati I, Kopelen HA, et al. Doppler estimation of left ventricular filling pressure in sinus tachycardia. A new application of tissue Doppler imaging. Circulation 1998;98:1644-50. Go to original source...
  84. Nagueh SF, Lakkis NM, Middleton KJ, et al. Doppler estimation of left ventricular filling pressures in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1999;99:254-61. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  85. Kim YJ, Sohn DW. Mitral annulus velocity in the estimation of left ventricular filling pressure: prospective study in 200 patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2000;13:980-5. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  86. Dokainish H, Zoghbi WA, Lakkis NM, et al. Optimal noninvasive assessment of left ventricular filling pressures: a comparison of tissue Doppler echocardiography and B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with pulmonary artery catheters. Circulation 2004;109:2432-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  87. Bruch C, Grude M, Müller J, et al. Usefulness of tissue Doppler imaging for estimation of left ventricular fillling pressures in patients with systolic and diastolic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2005;95:892-5. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  88. Mulvagh S, Quiñones MA, Kleiman NS, et al. Estimation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure from Doppler transmitral flow velocity in cardiac patients independent of systolic performance. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:112-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  89. Wang M, Yip GW, Wang AY, et al. Independent and incremental prognostic value of early mitral annulus velocity in patients with impaired left ventricular systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:272-7. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  90. Hillis GS, Møller JE, Pellikka PA, et al. Noninvasive estimation of left ventricular filling pressure by E/e' is a powerful predictor of survival after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:360-7. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  91. Dokainish H, Zoghbi WA, Lakkis NM, et al. Incremental predictive power of B-type natriuretric peptide and tissue Doppler echocardiography in the prognosis of patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45:1223-6. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  92. Bruch C, Stypmann J, Gradaus R, et al. Impact of stroke volume on mitral annular velocities derived from tissue Doppler imaging. Heart 2005;91: 243-4. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  93. Geske JB, Sorajja P, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR. Evaluation of left ventricular filling pressures by Doppler echocardiography in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: correlation with direct left atrial pressure measurement at cardiac catheterization. Circulation 2007;116:2702-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  94. Mullens W, Borowski A, Curtin RJ, et al. Tissue Doppler Imaging in the estimation of intracardiac filling pressire in decompensated patients with advanced systolic heart failure. Circulation 2009;119:62-70. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  95. Rivas-Gotz C, Khoury DS, Manolios M, et al. Time interval between onset of mitral inflow and onset of early diastolic velocity by tissue Doppler: a novel index of left ventricular relaxation: experimental studies and clinical application. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1463-70. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  96. Nagueh SF, Rao L, Soto J, et al. Haemodynamic insights into the effects of ischaemia and cycle length on tissue Doppler-derived mitral annulus diastolic velocities. Clin Sci 2004;106:147-54. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  97. Lubanda JC, Paleček T, Trčková R, et al. Preload dependence of the time interval between onsets of mitral inflow and early diastolic mitral annular velocity: a study in healthy subjects. Echocardiography 2008;25:249-55. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  98. Ha JW, Oh JK, Pellikka PA, et al. Diastolic stress echocardiography: a novel noninvasive diagnostic test for diastolic dysfunction using supine bicycle exercise Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:63-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  99. Burgess MI, Jenkins C, Sharman JE, Marwick TH. Diastolic stress echocardiography: hemodynamic validation and clinical significance of estimation of ventricular filling pressure with exercise. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1891-900. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  100. Talreja DR, Nishimura RA, Oh JK. Estimation of left ventricular filling pressure with exercise by Doppler echocardiography in patients with normal systolic function: a simultaneous echocardiographic-cardiac catheterization study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007;20:477-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  101. Sanderson JE. Diastolic heart failure: fact or fiction? Heart 2003;89:1281-2. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  102. Yu CM, Lin H, Yang H, et al. Progression of systolic abnormalities in patients with "isolated" diastolic heart failure and diastolic dysfunction. Circulation 2002;105:1195-201. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  103. Bruch C, Gradaus R, Gunia S, et al. Doppler tissue analysis of mitral annular velocities: evidence for systolic abnormalities in patients with diastolic heart failure. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003;16:1031-6. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  104. Vinereanu D, Lim PO, Frenneaux MP, Fraser AG. Reduced myocardial velocities of left ventricular long-axis contraction identify both systolic and diastolic heart failure - a comparison with brain natriuretic peptide. Eur J Heart Fail 2005;7:512-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  105. Brutsaert DL, De Keulenaer GW. Diastolic heart failure: a myth. Curr Opin Cardiol 2006;21:240-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  106. Marwick TH. Measurement of strain and strain rate by echocardiography: ready for prime time? J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1313-27. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  107. D'hooge J, Heimdal A, Jamal F, et al. Regional strain and strain rate measurements by cardiac ultrasound: principles, implementation and limitations. Eur J Echocardiogr 2000;1:154-70. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  108. Reisner SA, Lysyansky P, Agmon Y, et al. Global longitudinal strain: a novel index of left ventricular systolic function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004;17:630-3. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  109. Wang J, Khoury DS, Thohan V, et al. Global diastolic strain rate for the assessment of left ventricular relaxation and filling pressures. Circulation 2007;115:1376-83. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  110. Rademakers FE, Buchalter MB, Rogers WJ, et al. Dissociation between left ventricular untwisting and filling. Accentuation by catecholamines. Circulation 1992;85:1572-81. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  111. Wang J, Khoury DS, Yue Y, et al. Left ventricular untwisting rate by speckle tracking echocardiography. Circulation 2007;116:2580-6. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  112. Wang J, Khoury DS, Yue Y, et al. Preserved left ventricular twist and circumferential deformation, but depressed longitudinal and radial deformation in patients with diastolic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2008;29:1283-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  113. Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:1440-63. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  114. Abhayaratna WP, Seward JB, Appleton CP, et al. Left atrial size: physiologic determinants and clinical applications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:2357-63. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  115. Leung DY, Boyd AB, Ng AA, et al. Echocardiographic evaluation of left atrial size and function: Current understanding, pathophysiologic correlates, and prognostic implications. Am Heart J 2008;156:1056-64. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  116. Tsang TS, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, et al. Left atrial volume as a morphophysiologic expression of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and relation to cardiovascular risk burden. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:1284-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  117. Barberato SH, Pecoits-Filho R. Usefulness of left atrial volume for the differentiation of normal from pseudonormal diastolic pattern in patients on hemodialysis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007;20:359-65. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  118. Douglas PS. The left atrium: a biomarker of chronic diastolic dysfunction and cardiovascular disease risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1206-7. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  119. Bouchard JL, Aurigemma GP, Hill JC, et al. Usefulness of the pulmonary arterial systolic pressure to predict pulmonary arterial wedge pressure in patients with normal left ventricular systolic function. Am J Cardiol 2008;101:1673-6. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  120. Nagueh SF, Kopelen HA, Quiñones MA. Assessment of left ventricular filling pressures by Doppler in the presence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1996; 94:2138-45. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  121. Sohn DW, Song JM, Zo JH, et al. Mitral annulus velocity in the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function in atrial fibrillation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12:927-31. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  122. Olson JJ, Costa SP, Young CE, Palac RT. Early mitral filling/diastolic mitral annular velocity ratio is not a reliable predictor of left ventricular filling pressure in the setting of severe mitral regurgitation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006;19:83-7. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  123. Bruch C, Stypmann J, Gradaus R, et al. Usefulness of tissue Doppler imaging for estimation of filling pressures in patients with primary or secondary pure mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:324-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  124. Ha JW, Oh JK, Ling LH, et al. Annulus paradoxus: transmitral flow velocity to mitral annular velocity ratio is inversely proportional to pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in patients with constrictive pericarditis. Circulation 2001;104:976-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  125. Ha JW, Oh JK, Ommen SR, et al. Diagnostic value of mitral annular velocity for constrictive pericarditis in the absence of respiratory variation in mitral inflow velocity. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:1468-71. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  126. Dal-Bianco JP, Sengupta PP, Mookadam F, et al. Role of echocardiography in the diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009;22:24-33. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...




Cor et Vasa

You are accessing a site intended for medical professionals, not the lay public. The site may also contain information that is intended only for persons authorized to prescribe and dispense medicinal products for human use.

I therefore confirm that I am a healthcare professional under Act 40/1995 Coll. as amended by later regulations and that I have read the definition of a healthcare professional.